Managers and Leaders: Are They Different? by Abraham Zaleznik

Three human risks involving power:

"Leadership requires using power to influence the thoughts and actions of other people. Power in the hands of an individual entails human risks: first, the risk of equating power with the ability to get immediate results; the second, the risk of ignoring the many different ways people can legitimately accumulate power; and third, the risk of losing self-control in the desire for power."

Conservatism can lead to inertia and this is how the position of manager formed.

• rationality and control
• efficiency
• deliverables
• persistence, tough-mindedness, hard work, intelligence, analytical ability, tolerance, and understanding.

Three Q's

1. Are leaders only heroic figures?
2. Do you need a visionary to be a leader?
3. "...do managers perpetuate group conflicts instead of reforming them into broader desires and goals?"

Attitudes Towards Goals

• Active rather than reactive towards goals
  

Conceptions of Work

• limit options for others
• conversely, leaders provide options, though they need not be realistic

Relations with others

• avoid solitary activity
• it makes them nervous
• low level of emotion
• balances power
• relate to people according the their role rather than an intuitive, empathetic way, like leaders
  
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